investigated the effectiveness of injection angles (spray angle) and fuel-injection strategies on the combustion and emission characteristics of direct-injection engines fueled with dimethyl ether (DME). Mobasheri and Peng concluded that narrow-angle injection contributed to a reduction in NO x and soot emissions due to the improved quality of the fuel–air mixture without affecting fuel oil consumption. Even if the axial position of the fuel nozzle was changed by only a few millimeters, the engine performance and exhaust behavior changed significantly. reported that the nozzle position, which determines the injection position (IP), has a significant effect on both the in-cylinder pressure and exhaust gas emission (EGE) of the fuel direct-injection engine. As a result, it has been proven that shortening the nozzle length, increasing the hole pipe angle, and enlarging the hole diameter are the most effective and expected to be used as basic data for future nozzle development. The factor that has the largest influence on the equivalent stress is the adjustment of the nozzle hole pipe angle, and the difference in equivalent stress according to this factor was found to be up to 118% and at least 44%. It was verified that the equivalent stress was determined by the complicated interplay between the pressure inside the nozzle and turbulent kinetic energy impacted by a change in the nozzle shape. ![]() As the nozzle length increased and decreased by 2 mm, the average temperature of the nozzle increased by 47% and decreased by 53%, but the total deformation increased by 100% and decreased by 70%. The cause of the nozzle temperature change according to the change in nozzle length was found to have the biggest impact on the total deformation, and it was confirmed that the effect was increased at higher temperatures. The results of total deformation and equivalent stress were examined for 27 nozzles that each variable was applied to in order to compare and confirm the durability by changing the nozzle shape. This study aims to gather fundamental information regarding the impact of different types of gas-injection nozzles on durability and to pinpoint the prerequisites for an ideal nozzle design. Damage to the nozzles might result in secondary accidents in addition to worsening engine combustion conditions from improper injection. However, there are still reports of gas-injection nozzles being damaged after they have been put on the market. ![]() To comply with rules on air pollutants released by ships, two-stroke dual-fuel engines with liquefied natural gas (LNG) as the primary fuel have been marketed and offered to the market.
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